HSBC’s fourth-generation head office in Hong Kong was officially opened on 7 April 1986 at 1 Queen’s Road. It replaced our 1935 headquarters, that had followed our 1886 premises, which had taken the place of Wardley House where we’d first opened for business in 1865. Each new head office had been groundbreaking, but this latest building marked a radical leap — blending cutting-edge engineering, local tradition, and future-focused vision.
Vision and design
HSBC’s goal for the new building was articulated in 1979 by Chairman Michael Sandberg, who said “a complete redevelopment of the Queen’s Road site is an expression of the bank’s commitment to Hong Kong and our confidence in its future as an international financial centre.” The new building needed to be much larger, and highly flexible to adapt to rapid technological change and the evolving needs of a global bank. To achieve this, HSBC launched an international competition and Foster Associates, led by visionary architect Norman Foster, won with his revolutionary design.
The overriding design concept was flexibility. Unlike traditional office blocks, which typically have a central core for lifts, staircases, and mechanical systems, Foster pushed all of these services to the building’s edges. This innovative approach unlocked vast, unobstructed floor spaces, allowing offices and departments to be rearranged and relocated much more quickly than in conventional corporate buildings. It also created three times more usable area than a standard office tower.
The building’s structure was inspired by suspension bridges, with eight steel masts forming a triple tower ’coat hanger’ from basement to rooftop. The tower divided into five double-height zones, each a ‘vertical village’ with escalators for internal movement and high-speed lifts between zones. Transparency was another guiding principle for the design. Structure and services were left exposed, turning the mechanics of banking into a visible celebration of innovation. As Norman Foster stated, “We set out to create a building that could adapt to an unknown future — open, flexible, and a true reflection of Hong Kong’s energy.”
Image 1: Foster’s first draft for the list of ‘Design Components’ illustrated in ’Proposals for 1 Queens Road Central’ by Foster Associates London, in October 1979
Image 2: Foster Associates explored a variety of options to redevelop the site. These models show the scheme of ’phased regeneration’, which would have allowed the old building to be retained while part of the new building was constructed
Image 3: Illustration of ’Concept Developments’ in the design proposal
Image 4: The open plaza underneath the building with escalators leading up the banking hall was included in the earliest stages of the design proposal
Image 5: Drawing showing the proposed atrium, with glass lifts visible in clear lift shafts, and a translucent ‘cathedral’ wall
NARRATIVE BELOW: Hong Kong is located in a typhoon-prone region, which meant that wind resilience was a top priority. The project underwent the most exhaustive wind engineering studies ever conducted for a building at that time. This involved creating multiple detailed scale models, including one of the entire Hong Kong Island, and a proximity model of all structures within 600 metres of the new building. These models were rigorously tested at the Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Laboratory in Canada, ensuring that every possible wind scenario was thoroughly analysed and incorporated into the final design.
Foster also brought a strong social dimension to the design of the building, reimagining how people would move and interact within the space. Central to this vision was the inclusion of 62 escalators — the largest number on a single site in the world at the time. They are used as ‘people movers’, linking the five zones of each ‘vertical village’ making movement between floors fast and easy. As Foster noted, it was “a more human and enjoyable way of moving through a building, than travelling up and down in a metal box with every floor virtually the same.” This approach helped to modulate the vast scale of the skyscraper’s office space, creating a more accessible and dynamic environment.
Cultural harmony was equally important. From the earliest stages, Foster and his team worked closely with a feng shui geomancer, ensuring that the building’s flow of people and energy would feel natural and balanced. The placement of escalators, the orientation of entrances, and the openness of the atrium were all shaped by these consultations. The result is a building that looks boldly futuristic, while also feeling harmonious and welcoming.
Image 1: A model of the building shows the wide unobstructed floors and linking escalators within each zone
Image 2: A series of scale models were built and tested in a wind tunnel to determine the effect of winds of various speeds on the new building. They included a model of the whole Hong Kong island and a ‘proximity model’ with detailed representation of the surrounding buildings within a 600 metre radius of the site
Image 3: A ’surface-pressures’ model of the building was constructed with a high degree of accuracy
Through a process of questioning and challenging we virtually reinvented the office tower – in humanistic as well as organizational and urban terms. From the outset, the Bank placed a high priority on flexibility. Interestingly, 25 years on, it attributes a measure of its continued strength as a company to the ability to reconfigure the building to suit its changing needs.
Building the impossible
Turning Norman Foster’s ambitious vision into reality required a feat of engineering and logistics that pushed the boundaries of what was possible in the 1980s. One of the most remarkable aspects of the construction was the reliance on prefabrication and just-in-time delivery. Over 27,000 tonnes of structural steel were fabricated in the UK, with some sections standing two storeys tall. The steelwork was shipped to Hong Kong and transported to the site for assembly with millimetre precision. At its peak, an average of 300 tonnes of steel were being delivered each day. The building’s ’skin’ consists of over 90,000 square metres of aluminium cladding. This was designed and prefabricated in the USA, shipped in 900 containers, and installed by more than 350 local fitters. Each piece fitted together with tolerances as tight as three millimetres.
Prefabricated components from Japan also played a crucial role in the project’s efficiency and quality. A total of 139 fireproofed, steel-framed modules — each measuring up to 12 metres long and weighing 30 to 40 tonnes — arrived fully fitted with air conditioning, power, and toilets. Additional prefabricated riser units, containing plumbing and electrical systems, linked these modules seamlessly into the building’s main services.
At the height of construction, more than 4,500 workers and over 100 subcontractors were involved on site. Overseeing this international effort was a joint management team, uniting local and overseas contractors to coordinate the complex logistics and ensure that every element fitted together perfectly. This was one of the largest and most complex building projects that Hong Kong had ever seen.
Beneath the headquarters lies a powerhouse of innovation and engineering. Vast basements house five centrifugal chillers that cool the building, and heat exchangers that channel out excess warmth via a specially built tunnel. This tunnel was blasted through granite using harbour seawater. It stretches 350 metres beneath Hong Kong’s busiest streets. The basements also contain the building’s dedicated electricity substation, distributing high-voltage power through twelve transformers to every floor.
Completion and renewal
Our sleek new banking hall officially opened for business in July 1985, and the relocation of all head office staff was completed by November. The official opening ceremony that followed was a landmark event in Hong Kong. The whole of Queen’s Road was closed for the night of 7 April 1986 and 2,500 guests flowed into the plaza. A 44-man, multi-coloured dragon danced its way up the escalators and through the banking hall to celebrate the culmination of eight years of hard work. The opening of the premises was so popular that it was screened live at the Sha Tin Racecourse for thousands of people to enjoy. Our new headquarters was officially open.
NO NARRATIVE - image to be centred
A glittering tower of steel and glass reeking of space-age glamour
10 key facts on completion:
1. Over 90,000 square metres in size
2. Most escalators (62) on a single site in the world
3. Transparent lifts were built using NASA technology
4. The only ‘open construction lift‘ operating within a completed building in the world – a cage elevator descending 80 metres to a seawater tunnel
5. Bank vault door weighed 50 tonnes
6. 27,000 tonnes of structural steel
7. 90,000 metres of steel cladding
8. 3,600 km of electrical and communications cabling
9. Most extensive structural wind tests ever conducted for a building
10. Most expensive building in the world
ABOVE: VIDEO: Extracts from ‘Building for Tomorrow’, a documentary on the design and construction of 1 Queen’s Road in the 1980s, featuring the opening ceremony, and interior and exteriors of the completed building
In 2006, a lobby and reception area stretching the length of the plaza from Queen’s Road to Des Voeux Road was added, creating a single point of entry to the upper floors within the minimalist glass enclosure. Earlier, in 2003, over one kilometre of LED lighting had been added to the structure to enable the building to take centre stage in the ‘Symphony of Lights’ harbour lighting plan developed by the Hong Kong Tourism Board.
In 2009 and 2010, a comprehensive refurbishment project took place to reinvigorate the building and augment the environmentally-friendly facets of the site. The project was undertaken with the building’s original architects, now known as Foster & Partners. The first phase installed energy-efficient lighting in the washrooms and new taps to minimize water consumption. Intelligent, energy-saving lighting was rolled out across 25 floors of the building. The skyscraper’s columns and cladding were also deep-cleaned to restore them to prime condition. The second phase included new pantries, lift enhancements and escalator partitioning improvements.
In recent years, elements of the interior have been modernised to reflect contemporary workplace design and technology integration. This included redesigning executive floors to improve flexibility, efficiency, and connectivity amongst global, regional, and Hong Kong leadership teams. Since 2020, crucial exterior refurbishments and repairs have also been completed, including waterproofing the roof, replacing the large ‘halo’ sign on top of the building, and adding a security balustrade to the Level 28 terrace.
In 2025, we launched the bank’s first HSBC Premier Elite Wealth Centre on Level 5, offering clients panoramic views of Hong Kong’s harbour, luxury facilities and dedicated heritage displays. That year, the premises also played a starring role in our 160th anniversary celebrations, hosting thematic installations and a new light show featuring all four generations of the 1 Queen’s Road head office since 1865.
Enduring legacy
HSBC Holdings plc was formed in the early 1990s following the takeover of Midland Bank (now HSBC UK). Consequently, our global headquarters is now located in London. However, 1 Queen’s Road continues to operate as the head office of The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation and is a hugely important part of our corporate identity.
It remains a unique architectural landmark within Hong Kong’s twenty-first-century skyline even though more recent constructions now tower above it. Banks are traditionally housed in striking buildings that catch the eye and suggest permanence, confidence and prosperity. Norman Foster’s creation successfully embodies all these qualities, whilst also standing out from the conventional skyscraper motif. The avant-garde design – with its modular construction and exposed structures – reflects HSBC’s culture of innovation and openness.
[CAROUSEL x4]
Image 1: Our current premises at 1 Queen’s Road has featured prominently on our banknotes since 1985. It is seen here on the left-hand side of our HKD100 note issued in 2012
Image 2: A commemorative set of lai see packets was commissioned for HSBC’s 160th anniversary in 2025. The set featured all four generations of our 1 Queen’s Road premises since 1865
Image 3: Custom HSBC mahjong set featuring all four generations of our premises
Image 4: Crucial waterproofing works took place on the roof in 2025
Move drone footage to the bottom?
HSBC’s longstanding presence at 1 Queen’s Road, in four remarkable incarnations since 1865, is a testament to our faith in Hong Kong. Our founders selected the site because they believed it was the perfect gateway between Asia and the rest of the world. Their prediction proved correct as our succession of head offices witnessed the city’s evolution into a leading international financial centre.
Our iconic head office is also deeply integrated into the social fabric of Hong Kong. The building is a rallying point for community engagement — hosting cultural installations and public celebrations. The plaza bustles with activity and provides a welcome, traffic-free thoroughfare to link Queen’s Road and Des Voeux Road. Stephen and Stitt, the bronze lion sculptures guarding our entrance, are symbolic landmarks of the city’s security and prosperity. Passers-by rub their paws for good luck and tourists take photographs for posterity.
Recent aerial footage of the building
The Hongkong Bank was a statement of confidence – created without compromise. Our brief was for nothing less than ‘the best bank building in the world’. Through a process of questioning and challenging we virtually reinvented the office tower – in humanistic as well as organizational and urban terms. From the outset, the Bank placed a high priority on flexibility. Interestingly, it still attributes a measure of its continued strength as a company to the ability to reconfigure the building to suit its changing needs.
A building for tomorrow
1 Queen’s Road is far more than a banking office. It’s an architectural manifesto, an engineering milestone, and a cultural landmark. Through bold structural advancements, environmental foresight, and civic gesture, Norman Foster crafted a building that still defines Hong Kong’s skyline. It embodies the bank’s openness and innovation, and the city’s spirit of ambition and resilience., With its enduring plaza life and public role, the building stands as an exemplar of how architecture at its best can transcend function and enter the realm of collective memory.
Click the links below to explore parts one and two of this trilogy.
